SPACERIUM

  Parent Star: PDS 70 Stellar Classification : T Tauri-type Young Star Age : Approximately 5.4 million years Mass : 0.76 ± 0.05 solar masses Spectral Type : K7-M0 Location : Centaurus Constellation Distance from Earth : 370 light-years Planetary System Architecture The PDS 70 system represents a critical astronomical laboratory, featuring: A young protoplanetary disk Multiple planetary embryos Active planetary formation processes Detailed Planetary Characteristics of PDS 70b Fundamental Physical Parameters Mass : 4.2 ± 0.5 Jupiter masses Radius : 2.1 ± 0.3 Jupiter radii Surface Temperature : 1,200-1,400 Kelvin Orbital Period : Approximately 118 Earth years Orbital Distance : 22 astronomical units Orbital Eccentricity : 0.38 ± 0.05 Planetary Interior Structure Core Composition Core Mass : Estimated 10-15 Earth masses Composition : Mixture of rocky materials, metallic elements ...

Wise 1049AB, a binary system comprising two sub-brown dwarfs, presents a fascinating enigma in the realm of astronomy. Positioned approximately 63 light-years away in the Ophiuchus constellation, this system offers invaluable insights into the birth and evolution of objects at the extreme fringes of stellar classification. Sub-Brown Dwarfs: A Detailed Examination Sub-brown dwarfs are celestial bodies with masses insufficient to initiate and sustain nuclear fusion. They occupy a unique position between gas giants and brown dwarfs. The constituents of Wise 1049AB are exceptionally low-mass, each possessing less than 5% of the Sun’s mass, firmly placing them in the category of sub-brown dwarfs. The Intriguing Nature of Wise 1049AB Mass and Temperature: With masses significantly lower than even the smallest stars, the components of Wise 1049AB exhibit exceptionally low internal temperatures. This results in a predominant infrared emission, making their detection challenging in visible lig...

Have you ever wondered why our spacecrafts that have crossed the asteroid belt and gone for further exploration do not collide with these belts of millions of asteroids? There are millions of asteroids in the asteroid belt which are revolving around the Sun between Mars and Jupiter, and till date 12 spacecrafts have crossed the asteroid belt, then why does no one collide with these asteroids? Our solar system is very big, there are many members in our solar system like planets, comets, asteroids etc. and today we will talk about asteroids, asteroids are mostly found in the asteroid belt which is located between Mars and Jupiter, millions of asteroids of small and big sizes are found in the asteroid belt. Out of them more than 1.2 million asteroids are larger than 1 km in size. Elements like asteroids, dust particles, icy bodies are found in the asteroid belt. So the question is that despite such a large number of asteroids, why do our space probes not collide with them? What magic do t...

Imagine a star so big that if it replaced our Sun, its outer layers would extend beyond the orbit of Mars . This cosmic behemoth is Antares , the heart of the Scorpius constellation. Its reddish glow, visible even to the naked eye, has captivated stargazers for millennia. But what mysteries does this stellar giant hold? Life and Death - Death can create two sun in the sky Born from a colossal cloud of gas and dust, Antares is estimated to be around 12 million years old. That might sound ancient, but in cosmic terms, it's a mere blink of an eye. Stars like Antares live fast and die young. They burn through their hydrogen fuel at a prodigious rate, leading to their rapid evolution. Antares is currently in its red supergiant phase. This means it's exhausted the hydrogen at its core and has swollen to enormous proportions. But this is just a prelude to its grand finale. In a few million years, Antares will explode in a cataclysmic supernova, scattering its remnants across the cosmo...

Discovery and Naming Eris , the largest known dwarf planet in our solar system, was a groundbreaking discovery. In 2005 , a team led by Mike Brown at the Palomar Observatory identified this distant object, initially codenamed "Xena" after the popular TV character. Its exceptional size and distance challenged the traditional definition of a planet. Later, it was officially named Eris after the Greek goddess of discord and strife, a fitting moniker for a celestial body that stirred up so much astronomical debate. Composition: An Icy World Eris is primarily composed of rock and ice , similar to its fellow dwarf planet, Pluto. However, scientists believe that Eris has a higher proportion of rock compared to ice. This icy exterior is a result of its extreme distance from the Sun, where temperatures plummet to unimaginable lows. Despite its frigid surface, Eris boasts a remarkably high albedo, meaning it reflects a significant amount of sunlight . This suggests a surface covere...

  Once hailed as the ninth planet in our solar system, Pluto's status took a dramatic turn in 2006 when it was reclassified as a dwarf planet . This distant and enigmatic celestial body continues to fascinate scientists and space enthusiasts alike. Why Pluto Lost its Planetary Status The demotion of Pluto was a direct result of the discovery of numerous other icy bodies in the Kuiper Belt , a region beyond Neptune. These objects, including Eris which is even larger than Pluto, challenged the traditional definition of a planet. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) established three criteria for a celestial body to be considered a planet: Orbits the Sun: Pluto meets this criterion. Has sufficient mass to assume a nearly round shape: Pluto meets this criterion. Has cleared the neighborhood around its orbit: This is where Pluto falls short. It shares its orbital space with other objects in the Kuiper Belt. Pluto's failure to meet the third criterion led to its reclassific...

 Beyond the familiar planets of our solar system lies a realm of icy mysteries. One such object, nicknamed the "sugar world," has captured the imagination of scientists and astronomy enthusiasts alike. This is Arrokoth, a distant resident of the Kuiper Belt that holds clues to the origins of our solar system and the potential for life elsewhere. A Snowman in the Kuiper Belt Imagine a cosmic snowman, sculpted from ancient ice and bathed in the faint light of the distant sun. That's what Arrokoth appears to be – a two-lobed, reddish world composed primarily of frozen ices.  In 2019, NASA's intrepid New Horizons spacecraft became the first to visit this intriguing object, revealing its unique composition and bizarre nickname. The Sweet Secret: Unveiling the Reddish Hue The moniker "sugar world" stems from the discovery of organic molecules, including simple sugars like glucose and ribose, on Arrokoth's surface. However, don't be fooled by the name. Thes...

Ever since the James Webb Space Telescope was launched, it has been telling us a lot about the universe. Similarly, it has discovered a galaxy that was formed 290 million years after the Big Bang and it is the oldest and farthest galaxy discovered till date. Earlier we had talked about JADES-GS-z7-01-QU  & JADES-GS-z13-0 galaxy, which was the oldest galaxy at that time, but JADES-GS-z14-0 has broken all the records. The JADES Team: Peering into the Distant Past JADES is an international team of astronomers leveraging the JWST's immense power to study the early universe. By observing faint objects at extreme distances, they effectively look back in time, piecing together the cosmos's story. Their recent discovery of JADES-GS-z14-0 pushes the frontier of our knowledge even further. JADES-GS-z14-0: A Galaxy Born in Infancy JADES-GS-z14-0 is estimated to have formed a mere 290 million years after the Big Bang, when the universe was only 2% of its current age. This makes it t...

  We have explored many exoplanets, we have seen many unique and mysterious exoplanets, but this one is something different. I don't think any of you would not like cotton candy! So, we have found a similar planet which would be appropriate to call "The Cotton Candy Planet" this is WASP - 193b, it is so light that its mass is not even 10% of Jupiter, and it is orbiting very close to its star Have you ever dreamt of a planet made entirely of cotton candy? A world where fluffy pink clouds stretched as far as the eye could see, just waiting to be plucked and devoured (sugar crash not included, of course)? Well, buckle up space cadets, because astronomers might have just found the next best thing: WASP-193b, the so-called "Cotton Candy Planet"! Lost in Space (But Not Lost in the Stars): Unlike your local candy store, WASP-193b isn't exactly around the corner. This fluffy giant resides a whopping 850 light-years away in the constellation Sextans. That's a cos...

  The vast canvas of the cosmos isn’t silent to the demise of stars. Stellar death can be a dazzling supernova explosion or a more gradual process, but it’s always a powerful finale, a crescendo in the grand symphony of the universe. This celestial drama unfolds in a stunning variety of ways, with each star meeting its fate in a unique and awe-inspiring manner. The Dance of Planetary Nebulae When a medium-sized star, similar in mass to our Sun, nears the end of its life, it sheds its outer layers. This expanding shell of gas and dust, called a planetary nebula, can reach several light-years in diameter. These breathtaking celestial structures come in diverse shapes, from delicate bipolars to intricate rings, as captured by powerful telescopes like Hubble. Planetary nebulae, despite their name, have nothing to do with planets; they are the final breaths of a dying star, a testament to the delicate balance of life and death in the cosmos. The Cosmic Drama of the Crab Nebula A particu...

The mysteries of the universe never cease to amaze us. The vast expanse, filled with complexities, challenges our understanding and pushes us to discover beyond our imagination. Among these profound discoveries is a recent revelation that has captivated astronomers and cosmologists alike: the Big Ring. What is the Big Ring? The Big Ring is a colossal ring-shaped structure composed of galaxies and galaxy clusters, found near the celestial arrangement of Boötes, around 9.2 billion light-years away from Earth. This massive formation has a diameter of approximately 1.3 billion light-years, making it one of the largest structures ever observed in the universe. Its circumference spans about 4 billion light-years, encompassing several galaxies and clusters. Who Discovered the Galaxy Ring? In 2024, Alexia Lopez, a PhD student at the University of Central Lancashire, made this ground-breaking discovery. Lopez's keen interest in large cosmic structures led her to this remarkable finding. Her...

  NGC 4383, a spiral galaxy residing within the nearby Virgo Cluster, has become a hot topic among astronomers for its dramatic ongoing event. Unlike its tranquil neighbors, NGC 4383 has earned the nickname "explosion galaxy" due to a colossal gas outflow – a staggering amount of gas, equivalent to over 50 million suns, spewing outwards. This isn't a random event; the gas forms a gigantic, hourglass-shaped structure stretching over 20,000 light-years in each direction, a rare phenomenon known as a bipolar outflow. It's as if the galaxy itself has two powerful fountains erupting from its core, spewing gas at velocities exceeding 210 kilometers per second! This unique bipolar structure sets NGC 4383 apart and hints at the complex interplay of forces driving the outflow. But what fuels this galactic fountain? Deep within NGC 4383 lies the heart of the drama – a frenzy of star formation unlike anything seen in its neighbors. This galaxy is a stellar factory, churning out ...

  WASP-43b, also known by its celestial moniker Astrolábos, is a fascinating exoplanet offering a glimpse into extreme stellar environments. Buckle up, as we delve into its discovery, fiery disposition, and what it reveals about the diverse worlds beyond our solar system. Discovery and Location: A Blazing Star and Its Close Companion WASP-43b was discovered in 2011 by the SuperWASP (Wide Angle Search for Planets) program. It circles a young and active K-type star named WASP-43, located roughly 87 light-years away in the constellation Sextans. Fiery Embrace: A Hostile World Unlike the calm orbits of our solar system planets, WASP-43b is locked in a scorching dance with its star. It completes a full revolution in a mere 20 hours, placing it incredibly close – a mere 0.0142 astronomical units (AU) away. This proximity subjects the exoplanet to intense stellar radiation, making it a blistering hot Jupiter with a dayside temperature exceeding 4,600 degrees Celsius (around 8,300 degrees ...

The hunt for life beyond Earth has taken a fascinating turn with K2-18b, a distant exoplanet that keeps revealing itself to be a more and more promising candidate. Recent studies have strengthened the case for K2-18b's potential to harbor life, and scientists have even detected intriguing hints in its atmosphere. Why K2-18b Stands Out First discovered in 2015, K2-18b is located a whopping 124 light-years away. But what makes it special is its location within its star system's habitable zone. This "Goldilocks zone" is the area around a star where temperatures are just right for liquid water to exist on a planet's surface – a key ingredient for life as we know it. Beyond Just the Habitable Zone In 2019, things got even more exciting when water vapor was spotted in K2-18b's atmosphere. This discovery fueled the fire of possibility. Then, in 2023, the James Webb Space Telescope came into play, performing a detailed analysis of the planet's atmosphere. Intrigui...

Introduction: In the vast expanse of the cosmos, Edwin Hubble's groundbreaking discoveries revolutionized our understanding of the universe's structure and dynamics. His eponymous law, coupled with the enigmatic redshift effect, unveiled the universe's grand narrative of expansion and evolution. In this deep dive, we embark on a journey through the intricacies of Hubble's law and the redshift effect, delving into their profound implications for cosmology and our comprehension of the cosmos. Understanding Hubble's Law: Hubble's law explains the relationship between the distance of galaxies from us and their velocity of recession. In simple terms, it describes how the universe is expanding. The law states that the velocity at which a galaxy is moving away from us is directly proportional to its distance from us. Mathematically, Hubble's law can be expressed as: v = H . d Where: v  is the velocity of recession of the galaxy, H ​ is the Hubble constant, represen...